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Realism is a school of thought in international relations theory based on four central propositions, namely Political Groupism, Egoism, International anarchy and Power politics. Realpolitikal diplomacy first came to be known through the works of Thomas Hobbes and Niccolò Machiavelli, but it was not until Hans Morgenthau that scholars began to study such theory methodically, with Realism emerging as an international relations-based approach in the inter-war years of the 20th century.〔〔 As the theories began to anchor themselves in international relations studies throughout the 20th century, branches began to emerge such as classical realism, neorealism, defensive realism, offensive realism, and neoclassical realism. Jonathan Haslam from the University of Cambridge characterizes Realism as "a spectrum of ideas." Regardless of which definition is used, the theories of realism revolve around four central propositions:〔 * That states are the central actors in international politics rather than individuals or international organizations, * That the international political system is anarchic as there is no supranational authority that can enforce rules over the states, * that the actors in the international political system are rational as their actions maximize their own self-interest, and * That all states desire power so that they can ensure their own self-preservation. Realism is often associated with Realpolitik as both are based on the management of the pursuit, possession, and application of power. ''Realpolitik'', however, is an older prescriptive guideline limited to policy-making (like foreign policy), while Realism is a particular paradigm, or wider theoretical and methodological framework, aimed at describing, explaining and, eventually, predicting events in the international relations domain. The theories of Realism are contrasted by the cooperative ideals of Liberalism. ==Common assumptions== Realism is a tradition of international theory centered upon four propositions.〔Jack Donnelly, "The Ethics of Realism", in Christian Reus-Smit, Duncan Snidal (eds.), ''The Oxford Handbook of International Relations'', Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 150〕 # The international system is anarchic. # * No actor exists above states, capable of regulating their interactions; states must arrive at relations with other states on their own, rather than it being dictated to them by some higher controlling entity. # * The international system exists in a state of constant antagonism (see international anarchy). # States are the most important actors. # All states within the system are unitary, rational actors # * States tend to pursue self-interest. # * Groups strive to attain as many resources as possible (see relative gain). # The primary concern of all states is survival. # * States build up military to survive, which may lead to a security dilemma. In summary, realists think that humankind is not inherently benevolent but rather self-centered and competitive. This perspective, which is shared by theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, views human nature as egocentric (not necessarily selfish) and conflictual unless there exist conditions under which humans may coexist. It is also disposed of the notion that an individual's intuitive nature is made up of anarchy. In regards to self-interest, these individuals are self-reliant and are motivated in seeking more power. They are also believed to be fearful. This view contrasts with the approach of liberalism to international relations. The state emphasizes an interest in accumulating power to ensure security in an anarchic world. Power is a concept primarily thought of in terms of material resources necessary to induce harm or coerce other states (to fight and win wars). The use of power places an emphasis on coercive tactics being acceptable to either accomplish something in the national interest or avoid something inimical to the national interest. The state is the most important actor under realism. It is unitary and autonomous because it speaks and acts with one voice. The power of the state is understood in terms of its military capabilities. A key concept under realism is the international distribution of power referred to as system polarity. Polarity refers to the number of blocs of states that exert power in an international system. A multipolar system is composed of three or more blocs, a bipolar system is composed of two blocs, and a unipolar system is dominated by a single power or hegemon. Under unipolarity realism predicts that states will band together to oppose the hegemon and restore a balance of power. Although all states seek hegemony under realism as the only way to ensure their own security, other states in the system are incentivised to prevent the emergence of a hegemon through balancing. States employ the rational model of decision making by obtaining and acting upon complete and accurate information. The state is sovereign and guided by a national interest defined in terms of power. Since the only constraint of the international system is anarchy, there is no international authority and states are left to their own devices to ensure their own security. Realists believe that Sovereign states are the principal actors in the international system, and special attention is afforded to large powers as they have the most influence on the international stage. International institutions, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, individuals and other sub-state or trans-state actors are viewed as having little independent influence. States are inherently aggressive (offensive realism) and/or obsessed with security (defensive realism), and that territorial expansion is only constrained by opposing power(s). This aggressive build-up, however, leads to a security dilemma whereby increasing one's security may bring along even greater instability as an opposing power builds up its own arms in response (an arms race). Thus, security becomes a zero-sum game where only ''relative gains'' can be made. Realists believe that there are no universal principles with which all states may guide their actions. Instead, a state must always be aware of the actions of the states around it and must use a pragmatic approach to resolve problems as they arise. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Realism (international relations)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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